Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

772
Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
772
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems01:15

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Carbon-Heteroatom and Miscellaneous Systems

408
Oxidative reactions are pivotal in metabolizing numerous compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs. These reactions often occur in carbon-heteroatom systems, such as carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-oxygen.
In carbon-nitrogen systems, aliphatic and aromatic amines can undergo oxidative reactions. Secondary and tertiary amines, like those found in tricyclic antidepressants, can undergo N-dealkylation, a process that involves the oxidation of the alkyl group. In addition, oxidative...
408
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

719
Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...
719
Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

42.6K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
42.6K
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

168.8K
After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
168.8K
What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

80.1K
Overview
80.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Self-Powered, Photovoltaic-Driven NH₃ Sensor: Ultra-High Selectivity, High Sensitivity, and IoT-Enabled Real-Time Monitoring with Novel Organic Molecule Functionalized TiZnN<sub>2</sub>/p-Si Heterostructure.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Highly Selective, Room-Temperature Triethylamine Sensor Using Humidity-Resistant Novel TiZn Alloy Nanoparticles-Decorated MoS₂ Nanosheets.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

Polymorphism-driven Distinct Nanomechanical, Optical, Photophysical, and Conducting Properties in a Benzothiophene-quinoline.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same author

Unprecedented Multifunctionality in Novel Monophase Micro/Nanostructured Ti-Zn Alloy.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same author

Molecular Basis for the Mechanical Response of Sulfa Drug Crystals.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2018
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium
12:38

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

Published on: December 16, 2011

15.2K

Nanoindentation-induced subsurface phase engineering in oxide-capped silicon.

Megha Sasidharan Nisha1, Kiran Mangalampalli2

  • 1Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamil Nadu, India. ms8267@srmist.edu.in.

Nanoscale
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Controlled silicon phase engineering under an oxide layer is achieved by optimizing nanoindentation. Spherical indentation, within a critical load window, enables ordered crystalline recovery for advanced silicon devices.

More Related Videos

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
14:58

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

15.4K
Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation
13:04

Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation

Published on: January 18, 2022

4.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium
12:38

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

Published on: December 16, 2011

15.2K
Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
14:58

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

15.4K
Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation
13:04

Experimental and Data Analysis Workflow for Soft Matter Nanoindentation

Published on: January 18, 2022

4.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Subsurface phase engineering in silicon offers new possibilities for electronic devices.
  • Controlled formation of high-pressure silicon polymorphs beneath an oxide layer is a novel approach.
  • Understanding the influence of contact geometry and oxide constraint is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare sharp Berkovich and spherical nanoindentation for silicon phase transformation.
  • To investigate how contact geometry and oxide constraint govern subsurface phase engineering.
  • To identify optimal conditions for controlled crystalline phase formation in silicon.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic comparison of sharp and spherical nanoindentation on SiO2-capped Si(100).
  • Utilized Raman spectroscopy and cross-sectional electron microscopy for analysis.
  • Investigated phase transformation under varying indentation loads.

Main Results:

  • Sharp indentation initiated phase transformation at lower loads but caused oxide fracture.
  • Spherical indentation delayed transformation but distributed stress more uniformly.
  • A critical loading window was identified for optimized crystalline recovery, with moderate loads yielding ordered phases and excessive loads causing amorphous collapse.

Conclusions:

  • The oxide layer modulates stress-relaxation kinetics without changing the fundamental transformation pressure.
  • Contact geometry and oxide constraint critically influence subsurface silicon phase formation.
  • This work provides a pathway for engineering silicon crystalline phases for photonic and sensing applications.