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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Quantum Cryptography
    • Solid-State Physics

    Background:

    • Photon-number superposition states are crucial for quantum information processing.
    • Quantum dots (QDs) offer deterministic generation of these states.
    • Existing twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) protocols face limitations in rate and distance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel TF-QKD protocol utilizing photon-number superposition states.
    • To enhance secret-key rates and transmission distances in quantum key distribution.
    • To leverage quantum dot technology for practical, long-distance quantum communication.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a TF-QKD protocol employing specific photon-number superposition states (1-t|0⟩+e^(iφ)t|1⟩).
    • Numerical simulations to evaluate protocol performance against existing schemes.
    • Assessment of compatibility with quantum dot (QD) platforms and their characteristics.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed protocol significantly outperforms laser-based TF-QKD in secret-key rate and transmission distance.
    • Secure communication is demonstrated beyond 210 km, surpassing the repeaterless bound.
    • The protocol shows compatibility with existing QD technology, enabling high stability and scalability.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed TF-QKD protocol offers a practical pathway for high-performance, long-distance secure communication.
    • Quantum dots present a viable solid-state solution for generating non-classical light sources for quantum networks.
    • This work advances the potential of quantum dot technology in the field of quantum networking.