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Updated: Feb 1, 2026

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization
Published on: September 2, 2022
Xanthan gum-stabilized cocoa butter emulsion: characterization, molecular interactions, physicochemical stability,
Naymul Karim1, Ke Zhang1, Mohammad Rezaul Islam Shishir1
1School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
Abstract:
α-mangostin (αM), a poorly soluble xanthone, was encapsulated in cocoa butter emulsions stabilized by xanthan gum (XG; 0-0.5%) to enhance its stability and control its gastrointestinal release. The emulsions exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (77-85%) with submicron droplet sizes (440-540 nm), low polydispersity index (<0.3), and negative zeta potential (> -20 mV). Increasing XG concentration enhanced viscosity, shear-thinning behavior, centrifugal stability, and thermal resistance, while ensuring excellent stability over 21 days of storage without oxidative/microbial degradation. Structural analyses (FTIR, XRD) confirmed successful αM encapsulation in a semi-crystalline matrix (crystallinity >60%). Microscopy (CLSM, FESEM) revealed near-spherical droplets with reduced porosity. During simulated digestion, XG-stabilized emulsions provided concentration-dependent control over droplet behavior, αM bioaccessibility, and antioxidant retention, attributed to increased aqueous-phase viscosity and steric hindrance. These findings establish xanthan gum-stabilized cocoa butter emulsions as a promising vehicle for enhancing the stability and controlled intestinal delivery of hydrophobic bioactives like αM.
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