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Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Updated: Feb 3, 2026

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats
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Multiple-context training mitigates renewal during differential reinforcement.

Christopher A Podlesnik1, Carla N Martinez-Perez1, Kyleigh L Montague1

  • 1University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|February 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple-context training may mitigate behavioral renewal, where a behavior reappears in a new setting after being reduced. However, this approach can slow the reduction of the target behavior during interventions.

Keywords:
crowdsourcingdifferential reinforcementmultiple‐context trainingpreclinical researchrelapse mitigationrenewal

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral psychology
  • Human operant conditioning
  • Behavioral interventions

Background:

  • Behavioral renewal, the reemergence of extinguished behavior in new contexts, complicates behavioral interventions.
  • Differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior plus extinction (DRA+EXT) is a common intervention strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if multiple-context training can reduce behavioral renewal after DRA+EXT in humans.
  • To compare the efficacy of multiple-context versus single-context training in mitigating renewal.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with crowdsourced human participants.
  • Participants underwent conditioning, followed by DRA+EXT in either single or multiple contexts.
  • Testing involved context shifts to assess renewal under different training conditions.

Main Results:

  • Multiple-context training demonstrated the potential to mitigate renewal of operant behavior following DRA+EXT.
  • However, multiple-context training also resulted in slower reductions in target responding during the intervention phase compared to single-context training.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple-context training shows promise for reducing behavioral renewal in human operant behavior.
  • A potential trade-off exists: while mitigating renewal, this strategy may slow intervention effectiveness during the reduction phase.