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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Systematic Sampling Method

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 3, 2026

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Published on: January 11, 2018

Underwater endoscopic ear surgery: A systematic review.

Sailesh Acharya¹, Prakash Bahadur Thapa², Deepa Adhikari²

¹Kathmandu ENT Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. saileshemail@gmail.com.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

|February 1, 2026

Summary

Underwater endoscopic ear surgery (UWEES) is a safe and effective minimally invasive technique that improves hearing and preserves the inner ear. This approach offers enhanced visualization and reduced operative times for various ear conditions.

Keywords:

Ear Endoscopic Surgery Underwater

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Last Updated: Feb 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Surgical Technology

Background:

Traditional ear surgery techniques can be limited by visualization and invasiveness.
Endoscopic ear surgery (EES) has emerged as an alternative, offering magnified views.
Underwater endoscopic ear surgery (UWEES) combines EES with a fluid environment to potentially enhance surgical field clarity and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively evaluate the clinical indications, surgical techniques, audiological outcomes, operative efficiency, and safety of underwater endoscopic ear surgery (UWEES).

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed across major databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library) up to May 2025.
Included were original English-language studies on UWEES in human subjects (≥3 patients), excluding microscopic or animal studies.
Data extraction and quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines, with a qualitative synthesis due to study heterogeneity.

Main Results:

Nine studies met inclusion criteria, detailing UWEES for canaloplasty, cholesteatoma, labyrinthine fistula repair, and SCDS plugging.
Sensorineural hearing was preserved, with significant air-bone gap closure improvements.
UWEES demonstrated reduced operative times, low complication rates, and >90% resolution of vestibular symptoms.

Conclusions:

UWEES is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive surgical option for various otologic conditions.
It provides enhanced visualization, improved hearing outcomes, and better inner ear preservation.
Further high-quality prospective studies are recommended to validate long-term efficacy and standardize protocols.