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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Cytoplasm01:16

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
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Cytoplasm01:24

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The cytosol is a rich broth of water, ions, salts, and various organic molecules.
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Prediction Intervals01:03

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The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
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Confidence Intervals

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An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a  sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval  contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Imaging the Neutrophil Phagosome and Cytoplasm Using a Ratiometric pH Indicator
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Imaging the Neutrophil Phagosome and Cytoplasm Using a Ratiometric pH Indicator

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Cytoplasmic changes in bone marrow cells as indicators of postmortem interval.

Mahabalesh Shetty1, Vinoth Guru2, Kishan Prasad Hl3

  • 1Professor, Nitte (Deemed to be University), KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mangalore, India.

F1000Research
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial. This study found that cytoplasmic changes in bone marrow cells show a progressive pattern with increasing PMI, potentially aiding early estimation.

Keywords:
Bone Marrow CytologyForensic PathologyPostmortem Interval (PMI)

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic pathology
  • Histology
  • Autolysis studies

Background:

  • Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is a significant challenge in forensic medicine.
  • Traditional methods for PMI estimation are limited by environmental and individual variability.
  • Bone marrow offers a protected histological site for potential PMI estimation due to its slower decomposition rate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate cytoplasmic changes in sternal bone marrow cells.
  • To assess the correlation between these cellular changes and the postmortem interval (PMI).

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive cross-sectional study involving 43 medico-legal autopsies.
  • Sternal bone marrow aspirates were stained (Leishman stain) and microscopically examined.
  • Cytoplasmic changes were scored (0-4) and analyzed using ANOVA.

Main Results:

  • Mild cytoplasmic alterations (S1) were most frequent (51.1%), followed by moderate (S2, 25.6%) and severe (S4, 14%) changes.
  • Mean PMI increased with cytoplasmic change severity, though with some overlap.
  • The overall correlation between cytoplasmic changes and PMI was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic autolysis in bone marrow progresses with increasing PMI, from vacuolation to dissolution.
  • Observed trends suggest cytoplasmic scoring may assist in early PMI estimation.
  • Further research combining this method with other markers is warranted.