Mathematical Competencies and Critical Thinking in Secondary Education: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Review (2019-2025)

Area of Science:

• Education
• Cognitive Science
• Curriculum Development

Background:

• The integration of mathematical competencies and critical thinking is crucial for equipping secondary students with essential reasoning and problem-solving skills for real-world challenges.
• Despite recognized importance, this integration is often fragmented in curricula and inconsistently applied in educational practices.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review empirical evidence on the integration of mathematical competencies and critical thinking in secondary education.
• To identify effective pedagogical strategies and implementation barriers for this integration.

Main Methods:

• A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
• Searches conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and Dialnet databases for studies published between 2019 and 2025.
• Inclusion of 24 open-access, peer-reviewed empirical studies in English or Spanish.

Main Results:

• Mathematical competencies are enhanced when integrated with critical thinking skills like evaluation and argumentation.
• Active methodologies such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Project-Based Learning (PjBL), STEM, and gamification are effective for fostering integration.
• Implementation challenges include limited teacher training, rigid curricula, and inadequate technological infrastructure.

Conclusions:

• Student-centered, integrative approaches using active learning enhance higher-order cognitive development for 21st-century demands.
• Future research should focus on standardizing methods, improving teacher preparation, and addressing institutional conditions for sustainable and equitable implementation.