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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Bridging the Gap Between In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies with the "Avatar" Technique to Advance Muscle Mechanics Research
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AvatarMakeup: Realistic Makeup Transfer for 3D Animatable Head Avatars.

Yiming Zhong, Xiaolin Zhang, Ligang Liu

    IEEE Transactions on Image Processing : a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society
    |February 3, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    AvatarMakeup enables realistic 3D virtual avatar makeup by transferring patterns from a single photo. This method ensures consistent appearance and identity preservation across expressions and views for enhanced visual appeal.

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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Graphics
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Virtual Reality

    Background:

    • 3D virtual avatars require personalized customization for visual appeal, similar to real-life facial beautification.
    • Current 3D editing methods lack consistency, identity preservation, and fine detail control for realistic 3D makeup.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose AvatarMakeup, a specialized 3D makeup method for realistic virtual avatar customization.
    • To enable makeup transfer from a single reference photo while ensuring consistency and detail.

    Main Methods:

    • Leveraged a pretrained diffusion model for makeup pattern transfer.
    • Employed a coarse-to-fine strategy with Coherent Duplication for consistent global UV map optimization.
    • Integrated a Refinement Module into the diffusion model for high-quality makeup enhancement.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved state-of-the-art makeup transfer quality for 3D avatars.
    • Demonstrated consistent appearance and identity preservation across dynamic expressions and multiple views.
    • Enabled precise control over fine makeup details.

    Conclusions:

    • AvatarMakeup effectively addresses the limitations of existing methods for 3D virtual avatar makeup.
    • The proposed method offers a robust solution for realistic and personalized avatar customization.
    • AvatarMakeup sets a new standard for makeup transfer in virtual environments.