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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Lumber Defects01:23

Lumber Defects

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Lumber defects, which can affect both the appearance and structural integrity of wood, include a variety of growth and manufacturing flaws. Growth defects such as knots and knotholes occur where branches were once attached to the tree trunk, with knotholes forming when these knots fall out. Other natural defects include decay and insect damage, which compromise the wood's strength and durability.
Shakes are minor fractures that run along or across the wood's annual rings, while wane is...
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Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

Absolute and Local Extreme Values

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Navigating Anatomic Complexities: Ventricular Septal Defect Closure in an Infant With Right Lung Agenesis and Extreme

Vatsal Vora1, Shikha Goja1, Harikrishnan R1

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

World Journal for Pediatric & Congenital Heart Surgery
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Unilateral lung agenesis with congenital heart disease is rare. Successful surgical repair was achieved in an infant with right lung agenesis and a ventricular septal defect, emphasizing careful planning and adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Cardiology
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Unilateral lung agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly.
  • Association with congenital heart disease complicates surgical management.
  • Malposition of thoracic structures presents surgical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a successful surgical repair in an infant with right lung agenesis and congenital heart disease.
  • To highlight the importance of preoperative assessment and intraoperative flexibility in complex pediatric cases.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a three-month-old infant.
  • Preoperative detailed anatomic assessment.
  • Surgical repair of ventricular septal defect and management of associated anomalies.

Main Results:

  • Successful surgical repair of a large ventricular septal defect in an infant with right lung agenesis.
  • Demonstration of feasibility of surgical intervention despite complex anatomy.

Conclusions:

  • Complex congenital anomalies require meticulous preoperative planning.
  • Intraoperative adaptability is crucial for successful outcomes in pediatric thoracic surgery.
  • Early surgical intervention can be successful in selected cases of unilateral lung agenesis with cardiac defects.