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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.6K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
15:08

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Published on: September 20, 2012

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High Temperature Ni-Diffusion Plaguing Ionic Conductivity of Solid Oxide Cell.

Jiakun Sun1,2, Hengbo Yin1,2, Yan Li1,2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nickel segregation during solid oxide cell fabrication significantly hinders ionic conductivity by blocking oxide ion diffusion at YSZ grain boundaries. Mitigating this segregation doubles ionic conductivity, boosting cell performance.

Keywords:
Ni segregationfuel electrodegrain boundariesspace charge layerultrafast high‐temperature sintering

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Ceramics

Background:

  • Nickel (Ni) diffusion at operating temperatures (∼750°C) degrades solid oxide cells (SOCs).
  • High-temperature fabrication processes (∼1400°C) can exacerbate Ni-related issues.
  • Understanding Ni behavior during fabrication is crucial for SOC longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of Ni diffusion during SOC fabrication on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) grain boundaries (GBs).
  • To quantify the effect of Ni segregation on oxide ion conductivity.
  • To explore methods for mitigating Ni segregation and improving SOC performance.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical testing to assess ionic conductivity.
  • Advanced electron microscopy to analyze Ni segregation at YSZ GBs.
  • Ultrafast high-temperature sintering for mitigation.

Main Results:

  • Ni segregation up to ∼7 at.% at YSZ GBs during fabrication severely decreases oxide ion conductivity.
  • Increased Ni enrichment thickens the space charge layer and raises space charge potential, impeding ion diffusion.
  • Mitigation via ultrafast sintering doubled ionic conductivity at 700°C.

Conclusions:

  • Ni segregation at YSZ GBs significantly reduces ionic conductivity in SOCs.
  • Mitigating Ni segregation offers a new strategy to lower ohmic resistance and enhance SOC performance.