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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots
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A quantum logic gate framework for triosephosphate isomerase: Decoherence-induced toxicity.

Daniele Romanello1, Andrea Romanello2

  • 1Internal Medicine, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Via Castelfranco Veneto 33, 00191, Rome, Italy.

Bio Systems
|February 6, 2026
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Summary

Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) functions as a quantum logic gate. Its inefficiency, marked by methylglyoxal formation, signifies quantum decoherence, potentially linking metabolic disorders to disrupted enzyme quantum effects.

Keywords:
DecoherenceEnzymatic catalysisMetabolic disordersMethylglyoxalQM/MM modelingQuantum biologyQuantum tunnelingSGLT2 inhibitorsTriosephosphate isomerase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Quantum Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) exhibits high catalytic efficiency, not fully explained by classical biochemistry.
  • Quantum phenomena like tunneling are increasingly recognized in biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a quantum-based model for TIM catalysis.
  • To investigate the role of quantum coherence and decoherence in enzyme function and metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling TIM as a quantum logic gate with a two-state system.
  • Introducing a non-unitary decay channel to quantify decoherence.
  • Formalizing methylglyoxal (MG) formation as a measure of quantum inefficiency using unitary operators and Kraus maps.

Main Results:

  • Proposes TIM catalysis involves quantum tunneling.
  • Methylglyoxal (MG) formation is reinterpreted as a biochemical signature of quantum decoherence.
  • Links MG formation to the failure of quantum tunneling events and introduces 'quantum pathogenic noxa'.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic disorders may arise from disrupted enzymatic quantum coherence.
  • Introduces a quantitative approach to quantum pathogenicity.
  • Suggests potential therapeutic strategies, like SGLT2 inhibitors, targeting enzyme quantum effects.