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Individual differences in bottom-up and top-down emotion generation.

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This study introduces a new questionnaire to measure individual differences in bottom-up and top-down emotion generation. Findings show these emotion generation styles relate to internalizing symptoms and emotion processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Emotions arise from environmental stimuli (bottom-up) or cognitive appraisals (top-down).
  • Distinct neural and psychological processes underlie these two emotion generation pathways.
  • Individual differences in emotion generation and their relation to other constructs remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop and validate a novel self-report questionnaire to assess individual differences in bottom-up and top-down emotion generation.
  • Evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the new measure.
  • Examine associations between emotion generation styles and psychopathology, emotion processing, and emotion regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Three independent studies (N=149, 230, 238) were conducted.
  • A novel self-report questionnaire was developed and administered.
  • Psychometric properties, factor structure, and correlations with established measures and an experimental task were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Factor analyses consistently supported a two-factor structure for the questionnaire.
  • The measure demonstrated adequate reliability.
  • Both bottom-up and top-down emotion generation were positively associated with internalizing symptoms and emotion processing measures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed questionnaire reliably measures individual differences in bottom-up and top-down emotion generation.
  • This measure differentiates the use of cognition in generating emotion versus controlling emotion.
  • Findings suggest potential applications in affective and clinical science for understanding treatment targets.