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Atomic Structure01:33

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Atomically Precise Clusterzymes: A Programmable Optoelectronic Platform for Neuroscience.

Si Sun1,2, Di Liu1, Sufei Zhou1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atomically precise metal clusters, termed clusterzymes, offer programmable biocatalytic functions and safe renal excretion, overcoming limitations of natural enzymes and nanomaterials. These versatile clusters show promise in deep-tissue imaging and brain-computer interfaces.

Keywords:
atomic precisionbrain computer interfaceclustersneuroscienceprogrammable platform

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Atomically precise metal clusters offer well-defined structures for diverse applications.
  • Clusterzymes, artificial enzymes from metal clusters, provide programmable activity and renal excretion.
  • They address stability issues of natural enzymes and safety concerns of nanomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the synthesis, engineering, and applications of clusterzyme platforms.
  • To explore atomic and ligand engineering strategies for programming biocatalytic activity.
  • To highlight applications in deep-tissue imaging and brain-computer interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Review of synthesis strategies for metal clusters.
  • Analysis of atomic and ligand engineering for activity programming.
  • Examination of infrared emissive and semiconductor cluster applications.

Main Results:

  • Strategies for programming biocatalytic activity via atomic/ligand engineering are detailed.
  • Infrared emissive clusters enable deep-tissue 3D visualization.
  • Semiconductor gold clusters enhance neuron recording for brain-computer interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Clusterzymes represent a programmable platform with significant potential in neuroscience and biomedicine.
  • Further research is needed for rational design and translational development.
  • These advancements promise solutions for complex biomedical challenges.