Mapping resilience: Development of the resilience process scales (RPS) and resilience profiles during adversity
Joseph Anthony Pettit1, Stuart Beattie1, Ross Roberts1
1Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom.
Plos One
|February 11, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a four-stage resilience process model, including proactive and reactive components across five domains. Distinct resilience profiles were identified, influencing psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Resilience Research
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- The resilience literature requires clearer conceptualization and measurement.
- Existing research has not explored within-person resilience profiles or their impact on adverse contexts.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose and test a four-stage process model of resilience (proactive: anticipation & minimizing; reactive: managing & mending).
- To develop and validate a measure for this model across five domains (general, physical, social, cognitive, emotional).
- To explore resilience profiles and their relationship with psychological and behavioral outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Main Methods:
- Bayesian structural equation modeling to validate a 13-item resilience measure across five domains.
- Latent profile and latent transition analysis to identify resilience profiles in the general domain.
- Examined relationships between profiles and psychological/behavioral outcomes related to COVID-19.
Main Results:
- A valid 13-item resilience measure was developed for each of the five domains.
- Four distinct resilience profiles were identified in the general domain.
- Resilience profiles significantly predicted psychological outcomes, including anxiety, depression, impulsiveness, well-being, and coping effectiveness during the pandemic.
Conclusions:
- The proposed four-stage process model of resilience is supported.
- Considering individual resilience profiles is crucial for understanding reactions to adverse contexts.
- Higher resilience across all four processes is linked to better psychological and behavioral outcomes.
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