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Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Findings in Extensive Macular Atrophy With Pseudodrusen (EMAP): A Systematic Review
Mateus Pimenta Arruda1, Rian Vilar Lima2, Giulia S Del Valle3
1From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (M.P.A., L.H.L.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
American Journal of Ophthalmology
|February 11, 2026
Summary
Extensive macular atrophy associated with pseudodrusen (EMAP) is a distinct retinal disorder with poor prognosis, often affecting middle-aged individuals. Further research into biomarkers is crucial for improved diagnosis and understanding of EMAP.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Retinal Diseases
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Extensive macular atrophy associated with pseudodrusen (EMAP) presents a unique clinical phenotype.
- This condition is characterized by significant visual impairment and affects middle-aged populations.
- Current understanding of EMAP's etiology and standardized classification remains limited.
Conclusions:
- EMAP is a retinal disorder with a distinct phenotype and poor visual prognosis.
- Despite diagnostic challenges and study limitations (heterogeneity, bias), common features support EMAP diagnosis via multimodal imaging.
- Identifying clinical and imaging biomarkers is critical for advancing EMAP diagnosis and research.
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