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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

2.2K
Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

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Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily  involved...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Studying Interactions between Myeloid Cells and CAR T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
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Studying Interactions between Myeloid Cells and CAR T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: July 25, 2025

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Unaltered NKG2D-CAR T cell function under hypoxia in osteosarcoma in vitro.

Laura Hidalgo1,2,3, Patricia Garcia-Rodriguez4,5, Isabel Cubillo4

  • 11Biomedical Innovation Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040, Madrid, Spain. laura.hidalgo@ciemat.es.

Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII
|February 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia does not impair NKG2D chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell function in pediatric osteosarcoma (OS) models. These findings challenge the notion that hypoxia alone hinders CAR T cell efficacy in the tumor microenvironment.

Keywords:
(CAR) chimeric antigen receptor: NKG2D(OS) osteosarcomaHypoxiaImmunotherapy

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent pediatric bone cancer with poor survival rates for relapsed or metastatic cases.
  • Immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, shows promise for OS treatment.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME), especially hypoxia, is a known barrier to effective immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of hypoxia on NKG2D-CAR T cell function in osteosarcoma.
  • To determine if hypoxia contributes to the suppressive TME observed in OS xenograft models.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro osteosarcoma models were used to assess hypoxia's effects.
  • Expression of HIF-1α, NKG2D ligands, and immune checkpoints were analyzed.
  • Functional assays evaluated NKG2D-CAR T cell phenotype, activity, and cytokine secretion under hypoxic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia did not reduce NKG2D ligand expression or alter immune checkpoint profiles.
  • NKG2D-CAR T cell phenotype, activity, and cytokine secretion remained unaffected by hypoxia in vitro.
  • CAR T cell efficacy against 3D osteosarcoma spheroids was preserved under hypoxic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia alone does not compromise in vitro NKG2D-CAR T cell efficacy in osteosarcoma.
  • Further research is needed to understand how hypoxia interacts with other TME factors to modulate CAR T cell behavior.