Cardiometabolic Syndromes and Associated Cardiovascular Risks: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Cardiology
• Metabolic Disorders

Background:

• Cardiovascular risk (CVR) is a global health issue, strongly linked to metabolic and endocrine disorders.
• Conditions like metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), cardiorenometabolic syndrome (CKM), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) share common pathophysiological features.
• These include insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid abnormalities, driving vascular injury.

Purpose of the Study:

• To synthesize current evidence linking MetS, HTGW, MASLD, CKM, and PCOS within a unified cardiometabolic framework.
• To highlight the necessity for integrated risk stratification strategies.
• To explore the potential of precision medicine for early identification and targeted interventions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review synthesizing current evidence.
• Analysis of shared and distinct features of various cardiometabolic conditions.
• Discussion of common underlying mechanisms and their impact on cardiovascular health.

Main Results:

• MASLD is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
• CKM represents a continuum of metabolic, renal, and cardiovascular dysfunction.
• PCOS contributes to endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis through metabolic and hormonal disturbances.

Conclusions:

• These distinct conditions share common pathways contributing to cardiovascular risk.
• Integrated risk stratification is crucial for managing patients with these overlapping disorders.
• Precision medicine approaches utilizing multi-modal biomarkers can enable early detection and personalized interventions to mitigate long-term cardiovascular burden.