Hybrid Interfaces of 2D Materials with Polymers for Emerging Electronics and Energy Devices

Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties but face challenges in terms of scalability, stability, and integration. Hybridizing 2D materials with polymers provides an effective route to overcome these limitations by enabling tunable interfaces, mechanical compliance, chemical functionality, and three-dimensional device processability. This review summarizes the fundamental structural configurations of 2D-polymer hybrids, including embedded composites, stacked heterostructures, covalently functionalized interfaces, polymer-encapsulated layers, and fiber-network architecture, and describes how their interfacial interactions dictate charge transport, environmental robustness, and mechanical behavior. We also highlight major fabrication strategies, such as solution dispersion, in situ polymerization, and vapor-phase deposition. Finally, we discuss emerging applications in sensors, optoelectronics, neuromorphic systems, and energy devices, demonstrating how synergistic coupling between 2D materials and functional polymers enables enhanced sensitivity, programmable electronic states, broadband photodetection, and improved electrochemical performance. These insights provide design guidelines for future multifunctional and scalable 2D-polymer hybrid platforms.