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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function
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Modulating complex brain states using MVPA-based neurofeedback: A systematic review.

Valeria Finelli1, Pierre Yger1, Cecile Bordier2

  • 1University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France.

Neuroimage
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)-based fMRI neurofeedback shows moderate effectiveness in modulating brain activity. While neural changes are common, behavioral improvements are less consistent across various applications like emotion regulation and learning.

Keywords:
Cognitive trainingEmotional regulationMental healthMultivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)NeurofeedbackReal-time fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)-based fMRI neurofeedback is an emerging technique for brain state modulation.
  • Its efficacy in influencing cognition and behavior requires systematic investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of MVPA-based fMRI neurofeedback.
  • To assess its impact on neural and behavioral outcomes across diverse domains.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE, and DPBL databases.
  • Included 29 studies investigating MVPA-based neurofeedback for emotion regulation, fear conditioning, learning, attention, craving, and motor rehabilitation.
  • A meta-analysis synthesized neural effects, with subgroup analyses performed.

Main Results:

  • A moderate, statistically significant effect of MVPA-based neurofeedback on neural outcomes was found globally.
  • Emotion regulation showed a similar moderate effect.
  • Neural modulation was supported across most domains, but behavioral outcomes were inconsistent.
  • Fear reduction, attention, and perceptual learning showed both neural and behavioral changes.
  • Associative learning, craving reduction, motor rehabilitation, and semantic neurofeedback showed neural modulation, with varying or absent behavioral evidence.

Conclusions:

  • MVPA-based neurofeedback demonstrates potential for neural modulation, but behavioral effects are less consistent.
  • Significant variability in protocol design and methodology exists.
  • Standardized methodologies and clearer theoretical frameworks are needed to optimize neurofeedback protocols and clinical applications.