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Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

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Fatal Traumatic Brain Injury With Traumatic Axonal Injury, From a Nonpenetrating Sponge Round: A Forensic Case

Devan C Corpuz¹, Brennan M Pott¹, Clare H Bryce^1,2

¹Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV.

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology

|February 19, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fatal traumatic brain injury from nonpenetrating sponge rounds is rare. This case highlights severe head trauma and axonal injury from a sponge round impact, underscoring the need for careful evaluation of kinetic impact projectile use.

Keywords:

forensic neuropathology forensic pathology kinetic impact projectiles nonlethal projectiles traumatic axonal injury traumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Forensic Pathology
Traumatology

Background:

Nonpenetrating kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) like rubber bullets and sponge rounds can cause injury and death.
Fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) from these projectiles is uncommon.

Purpose of the Study:

To document a rare case of fatal neurotrauma from a nonpenetrating sponge round.
To emphasize the importance of neuropathological examination in assessing severe head injuries.

Main Methods:

Case report of a 38-year-old male who sustained a fatal head injury from a sponge round.
Autopsy and histologic examination to determine the extent of brain injury, including hemorrhage, contusions, edema, and axonal injury.

Main Results:

The impact caused severe TBI with traumatic axonal injury, subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage, cortical contusions, cerebral edema, and Duret hemorrhages.
No skull fractures were identified.
Histology confirmed both traumatic and ischemic axonal injury.

Conclusions:

This case demonstrates fatal neurotrauma from a nonpenetrating KIP, specifically a sponge round.
The findings have implications for forensic investigations and the use of KIPs in law enforcement and crowd control.
Recognition of severe head injury potential from nonpenetrating projectiles is crucial.