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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Redox Reactions01:27

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors
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Redox-active antioxidants enable highly stable bio-electrochemical systems.

Wei Chen1, Rui Bai2, Biyi Zhao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Bioresource Technology
|February 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Plant antioxidants like fraxetin act as robust electron shuttles, maintaining microbial fuel cell performance despite oxygen exposure. This overcomes limitations of traditional methods for energy and environmental applications.

Keywords:
AntioxidantsBio-electrochemical systemsElectron shuttlesOxygen infiltrationShewanella oneidensis MR-1

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Efficient interfacial electron transfer is crucial for bio-electrochemical systems (BES) in energy, environmental, and bioelectronic applications.
  • Oxygen infiltration severely impairs BES performance by disrupting electron transfer processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate plant-sourced antioxidants as stable electron shuttles for BES.
  • To assess the efficacy of fraxetin in maintaining electron transfer under oxygen exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical analysis was performed to evaluate electron transfer efficiency.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) was used to understand the thermodynamic stability and redox properties of electron shuttles.
  • Comparative studies were conducted using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with flavin mononucleotide and fraxetin as electron mediators under varying oxygen conditions.

Main Results:

  • Fraxetin demonstrated high thermodynamic stability and resistance to oxygen oxidation, unlike flavin mononucleotide.
  • Electron transfer mediated by fraxetin showed only an 18% current decrease under saturated dissolved oxygen.
  • In contrast, flavin mononucleotide-mediated electron transfer saw a 75% current decrease under similar conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Fraxetin serves as a robust, oxygen-tolerant electron shuttle, enabling sustained interfacial electron transfer in BES.
  • This antioxidant-based strategy offers a practical alternative to physical oxygen-exclusion methods for real-world BES applications.