Bacteriophage based live biotherapeutics: A novel approach to tackle drug resistant infectious diseases

The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a critical threat to public health, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections rendering conventional antibiotic therapies increasingly ineffective. In this context, bacteriophage-based live biotherapeutics have emerged as a promising alternative or adjunct to traditional antibiotics. Bacteriophages, viruses that selectively infect and lyse bacteria, offer a unique therapeutic potential due to their specificity, self-amplification at the site of infection, and ability to disrupt biofilms. These phages offer a range of strategies to combat resistant infections, from traditional phage therapy to advanced approaches such as genetically engineered phages, phage-derived enzymes, and phage-antibiotic combinations. Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteriophages identify and destroy their bacterial hosts not only enhances our knowledge of their therapeutic potential but also supports the development of more effective treatments. Their high specificity allows targeted bacterial clearance with minimal impact on the normal microbiota. In addition, phages can adapt to bacterial mutations, making them a dynamic tool in the fight against resistance. Evidence from clinical trials further reinforces their efficacy in real-world healthcare settings, validating their role as viable biotherapeutics. Together, these advantages position bacteriophages as a powerful and adaptable tool in the global fight against AMR.