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AIM (Analyze-Interpret-Manage): A Novel NAPLEX-Aligned Analytical Assessment Framework for Measuring Individual and

Ashim Malhotra1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, 9700 W Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95758, USA.

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|February 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacy education needs a framework for critical thinking. The AIM (Analyze-Interpret-Manage) framework operationalizes critical thinking for team-based learning and assessment in pharmacy.

Keywords:
AAC&U VALUEDelphi ReportIPECNAPLEX competencycognitive team reasoningcritical thinkingdiscursive narrativesinterprofessional educationqualitative pharmacy education research

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Education
  • Healthcare Professional Development
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Critical thinking is vital in pharmacy education, per ACPE Standards 2025, the Pharmacist Patient Care Process, interprofessional education (IPE), and NAPLEX.
  • A practical, theory-grounded framework is lacking to operationalize critical thinking in team-based and interprofessional pharmacy education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test the AIM (Analyze-Interpret-Manage) framework for defining, teaching, and assessing team-based critical thinking in pharmacy education.
  • To integrate foundational critical thinking theory into a measurable, stage-based model for observable reasoning processes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the AIM framework by integrating the Delphi Consensus definition of critical thinking with the AAC&U VALUE framework.
  • Qualitatively analyzed transcripts of student team discussions from an IPE scenario.
  • Coded reasoning behaviors by AIM stage and mapped them to IPEC and NAPLEX competencies.

Main Results:

  • The AIM framework reliably distinguished discrete stages of critical thinking across student teams.
  • Consistent patterns emerged in how learners analyzed information, interpreted significance, and managed decisions collaboratively.
  • AIM stages showed strong alignment with IPEC Core Competencies and NAPLEX competencies.

Conclusions:

  • The AIM framework provides a scalable approach to define, teach, and assess team-based critical thinking in pharmacy.
  • AIM operationalizes critical thinking as a staged reasoning process, bridging educational theory, interprofessional practice, and licensure preparation.
  • This framework addresses a critical gap in current pharmacy education and professional development.