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From Anatomy to Application: A Comprehensive Review of Nanovesicular Systems for Otic Drug Delivery

Manar Adel Abdelbari1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt. manaradel.ph@o6u.edu.eg.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|February 20, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
ear diseasesear drug deliverynanovesicular systemsotic permeability, otic barriers

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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