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Related Concept Videos

Blood Pressure01:24

Blood Pressure

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The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...
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Blood Pressure01:30

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Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
The average BP in an adult is typically around 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). In this measurement, the numerator (120) indicates the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart's ventricles as blood is expelled. The denominator (80) represents the...
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Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock01:24

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Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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Pulse01:05

Pulse

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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Quantitative Autonomic Testing
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Describing hemodynamic states: a plea for systematic terminology.

Bernd Saugel1,2, Karim Lakhal3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. bernd.saugel@gmx.de.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
|February 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Establishing a clear hemodynamic terminological framework is crucial for accurate patient assessment. This involves classifying hemodynamic variables, describing their dynamics, and identifying potential circulatory failure or shock states.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaArterial pressureBlood pressureCardiac outputHeart rateHemodynamic monitoringIntensive care medicinePerioperative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Physiology
  • Clinical Terminology

Background:

  • Accurate description of a patient's hemodynamic state is vital for effective clinical decision-making.
  • Current terminologies may lack the systematic approach needed for precise hemodynamic assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a clear and systematic terminological framework for describing hemodynamic states.
  • To standardize the classification and description of hemodynamic variables and their alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Assessing absolute values of hemodynamic variables within their clinical context.
  • Classifying values as normal, high, low, or within/outside target ranges.
  • Describing the acuity and dynamics of hemodynamic changes and assigning semiological names.

Main Results:

  • The framework allows for precise classification of hemodynamic variable values.
  • It enables the description of the dynamics and acuity of hemodynamic alterations.
  • It facilitates the identification of clinical signs associated with hemodynamic changes.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic terminological framework is essential for accurately describing hemodynamic states.
  • This framework aids in identifying patients at risk of or already in acute circulatory failure or shock.
  • Standardized terminology improves communication and patient care in critical settings.