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Area of Science:

  • Photophysics and Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology and Biosensing
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Photon upconversion (UC) converts low-energy near-infrared light to higher-energy emission, offering advantages like minimal autofluorescence and deep tissue penetration.
  • Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles are key UC systems, but low quantum yields under safe irradiation limit in vivo applications.
  • Core-shell architectures and surface engineering have significantly improved UC nanoparticle efficiency, stability, and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in integrating upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with various physical modalities for biosensing and biointerfacing.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing UC efficiency and signal fidelity.
  • To explore UCNP applications beyond conventional luminescence, including electrical, mechanical, and thermal readouts.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing photophysical principles of photon upconversion.
  • Detailing materials design strategies like core-shell architectures and surface modifications.
  • Reviewing UCNP integration with optical microscopy, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and other physical sensing modalities.

Main Results:

  • UCNPs enable long-term single-particle tracking, super-resolution imaging, and real-time monitoring of biological processes.
  • UCNP-based systems facilitate noninvasive neuromodulation, subcellular thermometry, and advanced imaging techniques.
  • Integration with devices allows for stochastic encoding, infrared vision, and biocompatible interfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Upconversion nanoparticles are robust interfaces for optical excitation and biological response, with broad applications in biosensing and biointerfacing.
  • Further improvements in quantum yield, reduced excitation power, and established biosafety are crucial for clinical translation.
  • Emerging directions like AI-guided design and integration with regenerative medicine promise to overcome current challenges and expand UCNP potential.