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Control Group Selection in Preclinical Rat Bone Defect Models: A Systematic Review.

Lotta Reimann1,2, Emma Marchionatti2,3, Adrian Steiner2

  • 1AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Control group selection in rat femoral defect models significantly impacts biomaterial efficacy findings. Inconsistent controls and poor reporting in preclinical studies hinder reliable osteoregeneration research and translation.

Keywords:
biomaterialsbonebone graftcontrol groupsfemurrats

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic research
  • Biomaterials science
  • Preclinical animal models

Background:

  • Large bone defects pose significant orthopedic challenges.
  • Rat femoral defect models are crucial for evaluating osteoregenerative biomaterials.
  • Standardized control groups are essential for reliable preclinical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review control group usage in preclinical rat femoral defect models.
  • To identify potential pitfalls in control group selection.
  • To enhance the translational success of osteoregenerative biomaterials.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of publications from January 2001 to January 2023.
  • Analysis of 436 studies on rat femoral defect models.
  • Qualitative risk-of-bias and reporting assessment using ARRIVE-SYRCLE framework.

Main Results:

  • Inconsistent use of negative (56%) and positive (34%) control groups observed.
  • 25% of studies lacked any control group.
  • Variability in controls influenced healing comparisons; poor randomization (67%) and blinding (84%) were common.

Conclusions:

  • Inadequate control group selection in preclinical studies can lead to misleading conclusions.
  • Standardizing control groups is critical for improving the reliability and comparability of research findings.
  • Addressing reporting deficiencies is necessary for enhancing the translational success of new biomaterials.