Texture Phenotypes of Fiber-Enriched Extruded Snacks Revealed by Mechanical-Acoustic Analysis, Tribology, and Sensory...

Texture perception in extruded snacks is commonly evaluated using force-based measurements, although crispness-related oral sensations arise from fracture, sound emission, and lubrication during mastication. This study developed a mechanistically grounded framework for texture characterization of fiber-enriched extruded snacks by integrating instrumental and sensory analyses within an oral-processing context. Extruded snack samples containing soybean residue (okara; 0%, 29%, and 40%) and commercial benchmarks were evaluated using synchronized mechanical-acoustic testing (five-blade Allo-Kramer shear and three-point bending tests), oral tribology, and sensory evaluation combining intensity rating and ranking. Increasing okara content shifted fracture behavior from brittle, sound-emitting failure toward damped, progressive deformation with approximately 3-5-fold lower acoustic envelope amplitudes and smoother force-time profiles. These changes corresponded to lower perceived Crunchiness and Sound Intensity, reflecting diminished crispness-related perception, and higher Hardness and Grittiness/Coarseness attributes (increases of ~25-45%). Oral tribology revealed cohesive, poorly lubricated boli for okara-rich snacks, requiring higher entrainment parameters (Uη₀ ≈ 1.0 × 10⁵-3.5 × 10⁵) to transition from boundary to mixed lubrication compared with commercial benchmarks (Uη₀ ≈ 7.0 × 10⁴-2.0 × 10⁵). Convergent multivariate analyses established instrumentally defined texture phenotypes that translate mechanical-acoustic and tribological signatures into sensory-interpretable texture categories, providing a practical framework for discriminating and optimizing nutritionally enhanced extruded snack products.