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Facial Landmarks Determination with Different Digital Scanners: An In Vivo Study.

Rita Vanessa Alves1,2,3, Helena Francisco1,2,3, Ana Catarina Pinto1,2

  • 1Instituto de Implantologia, Avenida Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, No. 50, 1070-064 Lisbon, Portugal.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared low-cost and professional 3D facial scanners against manual measurements. Both scanners showed clinically acceptable precision for facial morphology analysis, with the professional scanner offering superior accuracy.

Keywords:
anthropometrydentistryfacial scannertechnologythree-dimensional

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Area of Science:

  • Medical technology
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Facial morphology analysis

Background:

  • Facial scanning technology is advancing, moving from traditional methods to 3D digital acquisition for improved objectivity and reproducibility.
  • Current 3D facial scanning aims to enhance accuracy in facial morphology analysis within digital workflows.
  • This study investigates the precision and accuracy of different 3D facial scanning technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the precision and trueness of a low-cost portable facial scanner (Revopoint®) and a professional static facial scanner (RAYFace®) against manual anthropometry.
  • To evaluate the suitability of these 3D scanning technologies for clinical applications such as prosthodontic and esthetic planning.
  • To assess the reliability of linear interlandmark distance measurements obtained from 3D facial scanners.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty adult volunteers underwent facial landmark identification and linear distance measurements using digital calipers, Revopoint®, and RAYFace® scanners.
  • Manual anthropometry served as the reference standard, with all measurements performed by a single operator.
  • Trueness and precision were calculated to evaluate scanner performance against the reference standard.

Main Results:

  • Both Revopoint® (precision 1.19%) and RAYFace® (precision 0.88%) demonstrated reproducible measurements within clinically acceptable ranges.
  • Mean trueness values were 4.30% for Revopoint® and 4.08% for RAYFace®, indicating acceptable accuracy.
  • The professional static scanner (RAYFace®) exhibited superior accuracy and precision compared to the portable scanner (Revopoint®).

Conclusions:

  • Both 3D facial scanners provide clinically acceptable linear measurements for prosthodontic and esthetic planning.
  • The professional static scanner (RAYFace®) is more suitable for complex cases demanding higher precision.
  • Further research may explore broader demographic samples and different reference standards for enhanced validation.