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Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

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High-Sensitive Microwave Humidity Sensor Using Polyvinyl Alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (PVA/CMC) Composites.

Junho Yeo¹, Younghwan Kwon²

¹Department of Artificial Intelligence, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 27, 2026

Summary

This study shows that microwave sensors coated with polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) composites perform better humidity sensing as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) content increases. Pure CMC demonstrated superior performance for humidity detection.

Keywords:

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)PVA/CMC composites Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)capacitive microwave sensor weight percentages

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Sensor Technology

Background:

Microwave sensors offer unique detection capabilities.
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are polymers with potential sensing applications.
Developing advanced humidity sensors is crucial for environmental monitoring and industrial processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the humidity sensing properties of microwave sensors coated with PVA/CMC composites.
To determine the effect of varying PVA/CMC weight percentages on sensor performance.
To compare the performance of PVA/CMC composites with pure PVA and pure CMC for humidity sensing.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of microwave sensors utilizing a microstrip transmission line with an interdigital capacitor-defected ground structure (IDC-DGS).
Coating the sensors with PVA/CMC composites at different weight percentages (100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 60/40, 0/100).
Measuring changes in resonant frequency and transmission coefficient magnitude under varying relative humidity (40%-90%) at ~25 °C.

Main Results:

Humidity sensing capability, indicated by variations in resonant frequency and transmission coefficient magnitude, increased with higher CMC content.
Pure CMC exhibited enhanced humidity sensing performance compared to PVA and gelatin.
The percent relative frequency shift and effective relative permittivity improved with increased CMC concentration.

Conclusions:

PVA/CMC composites are effective for humidity sensing applications using microwave sensors.
Increasing CMC content in PVA/CMC composites significantly enhances humidity sensing performance.
Pure CMC demonstrates superior humidity sensing capabilities, making it a promising material for advanced sensor development.