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Onset and Outcomes of Immune-related Adverse Events in Genitourinary Cancer Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Minoru Kato1, Shoma Yamamoto2, Taisuke Matsue2

  • 1Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; kato@omu.ac.jp.

In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) occurred in 37.1% of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. irAEs were more common in metastatic renal cell carcinoma and linked to better survival in urothelial carcinoma.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard treatments for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
  • Real-world data on the incidence, timing, and clinical impact of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) from ICIs are limited.
  • Understanding irAE patterns is crucial for optimizing patient care and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the onset patterns and clinical outcomes of irAEs in patients with mUC and mRCC treated with ICIs.
  • To assess the association of irAEs with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
  • To evaluate management strategies, including corticosteroid use and rechallenge outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 210 patients with mUC (n=127) or mRCC (n=83) treated with ICIs (2017-2023).
  • Adverse events graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0.
  • Statistical assessment of irAE incidence, timing, survival associations, and management interventions.

Main Results:

  • Overall irAE incidence was 37.1%, higher in mRCC (47.0%) than mUC (30.9%).
  • Grade ≥3 irAEs occurred in 22.0% of patients, more frequent in mRCC (27.7%) vs. mUC (17.3%).
  • irAEs correlated with longer survival in mUC but not mRCC; most irAEs occurred within six months.

Conclusions:

  • irAEs exhibit distinct incidence and prognostic significance in mUC versus mRCC.
  • Findings highlight the need for tailored monitoring and management of irAEs.
  • Insights provided aid in clinical decision-making for immunotherapy rechallenge.
Keywords:
Renal cellcheckpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapyreal-world dataurothelial carcinoma

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