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An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

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A Practical Approach to Optimizing Support for Elite Athletes Using Performance Determinants and Moderating Factors.

Jad Adrian Washif¹, David B Pyne²

¹High-Performance Branch, Sports Performance Division,Institut Sukan Negara Malaysia (National Sports Institute of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

|March 1, 2026

Summary

A new framework helps elite athlete support by identifying performance determinants and moderating factors. This approach optimizes service delivery and enhances athlete performance through a structured consultation, evaluation, and optimization process.

Keywords:

high-performance sports integrated approach sports science support systems thinking testing and measurement

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Performance Analysis
Athlete Monitoring

Background:

Elite athlete support generates vast amounts of testing and monitoring data.
A structured framework is crucial for optimizing service delivery in elite sports.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce performance determinants and moderating factors for elite athlete support.
Prioritize macroscopic, visually observable measures for minimal direct athlete interaction scenarios.
Develop a practical framework for effective application in sports.

Main Methods:

Define performance determinants as essential measures for outcome improvement (e.g., sprint time).
Identify moderating factors as crucial for maintaining optimal performance levels.
Propose a 3-stage process (Consultation, Evaluation, Optimization) for integrating support services.
Emphasize active involvement of coaches, athletes, and staff for buy-in and adjustments.

Main Results:

Performance determinants include sprint-specific measures (acceleration, maximal velocity) and secondary non-sprinting measures (power, strength).
Moderating factors encompass reaction time, mechanics, strength, neuromuscular status, and body composition.
The CEO process facilitates systematic planning and individualized adjustments.

Conclusions:

The proposed framework enables actionable performance support for elite athletes and coaches.
Athlete performance changes are interpretable via identified determinants and moderating factors.