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Effectiveness of Individualized Training Programs Based on the Optimal Force-Velocity Relationship to Develop
Zhaoqian Li1, Peng Zhi2, Xing Zhang1
1Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Journal of Human Kinetics
|March 2, 2026
Summary
Individualized training programs effectively reduce force-velocity (F-V) imbalances in athletes compared to non-individualized approaches. However, enhanced jump height is only seen in athletes with a velocity deficit, not maximal power.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Biomechanics
- Exercise Physiology
Background:
- Force-velocity (F-V) imbalances can hinder athletic performance.
- Individualized training programs aim to address specific athlete profiles.
- The effectiveness of F-V profile-tailored training requires further investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of individualized vs. non-individualized training programs.
- To assess the impact on F-V imbalances, jump height, and maximal power (Pmax).
- To explore subgroup differences based on F-V profile characteristics.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search across major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane).
- Inclusion of studies published up to April 19, 2024.
- Meta-analysis and subgroup meta-analysis using random-effects and fixed-effects models.
Main Results:
- Individualized programs significantly reduced F-V imbalances (SMD = 0.59, p < 0.001) compared to non-individualized programs.
- No significant differences were found for jump height (SMD = 0.50, p = 0.059) or Pmax (SMD = 0.10, p = 0.543) in the overall analysis.
- The velocity-deficit subgroup showed greater reductions in F-V imbalance (SMD = 1.28, p < 0.001) and improvements in jump height (SMD = 0.77, p = 0.010) compared to the non-individualized group.
Conclusions:
- Individualized training programs are superior for reducing F-V imbalances by targeting specific F-V profile segments.
- Enhanced jump height with individualized training is primarily observed in athletes with an initial velocity deficit.
- Current evidence does not support significant improvements in maximal power with individualized training over non-individualized approaches.
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