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Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization
09:35

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Published on: December 25, 2017

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Metrology of Nanoparticles.

Oliver F Bischof1, Heinz Burtscher2, Martin Fierz3

  • 1TSI, Aachen, Germany and Forschungszentrum Jülich ICE-3: Troposphere, Jülich, Germany. oliver.bischof@tsi.com.

Chimia
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate measurement of airborne nanoparticles is crucial for air quality and climate research. This study reviews key techniques like condensation particle counters and mobility analyzers, focusing on their application in understanding combustion-generated nanoparticles.

Keywords:
CharacterizationMeasurement methodsNanoparticlesPhysical properties

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science and Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Airborne nanoparticles are increasingly important in diverse scientific fields, including air quality research, climate studies, nanotechnology, material science, particle technology, and filtration.
  • Accurate and reliable measurement of these nanoparticles requires careful attention to sampling, conditioning, and analysis.
  • The ETH Nanoparticles Conference has historically focused on understanding and mitigating nanoparticles from vehicles and combustion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an overview of state-of-the-art aerosol measurement techniques for airborne nanoparticles.
  • To highlight key measurement fundamentals essential for accurate nanoparticle analysis.
  • To emphasize methods relevant to understanding nanoparticles from combustion sources.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and optimized nanoparticle measurement techniques.
  • Focus on condensation particle counters (CPCs).
  • Focus on mobility analyzers and instruments utilizing diffusion charging.

Main Results:

  • Several advanced aerosol measurement techniques for nanoparticles are available and continuously improved.
  • Condensation particle counters, mobility analyzers, and diffusion charging instruments are key technologies.
  • These methods are vital for analyzing nanoparticles relevant to air quality and combustion studies.

Conclusions:

  • Effective nanoparticle measurement relies on robust sampling, conditioning, and analysis.
  • Advanced techniques like CPCs and mobility analyzers are critical for scientific research.
  • Understanding nanoparticle behavior, especially from combustion, is essential for mitigation efforts.