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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...

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Visualization Tools in Radiology: A RRA Perspective on Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and 3D Printing.

Joseph Fotos1, Nicole Brofman2, Melis Ozkan3

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (J.F.).

Academic Radiology
|March 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies like virtual reality and 3D printing offer innovative solutions in radiology for education and patient care. Overcoming implementation challenges will allow radiologists to lead the integration of these transformative tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Health Informatics

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D printing, are emerging as significant tools in medical innovation.
  • These technologies offer novel approaches to medical education, patient-specific procedural planning, and interdisciplinary communication within healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the applications, benefits, and barriers of 3D visualization technologies in radiology.
  • To emphasize the potential of these tools to transform medical education and patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on 3D visualization technologies (VR, AR, 3D printing) in radiology.
  • Analysis of benefits for cognitive and procedural skills in medical education.
  • Examination of challenges hindering clinical integration, such as workflow, cost, and expertise.

Main Results:

  • VR and AR demonstrate measurable benefits for cognitive and procedural skills, offering scalable educational alternatives.
  • 3D printing enhances anatomical education, procedural preparation, and patient engagement with tangible models.
  • Widespread clinical integration is limited by time-intensive workflows, financial constraints, and the need for technical expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Radiologists are uniquely positioned to lead the adoption and implementation of 3D visualization technologies due to their expertise.
  • These technologies hold significant potential to revolutionize radiology education and patient care in a digital healthcare landscape.
  • Addressing current barriers is crucial for realizing the full transformative impact of 3D visualization in radiology.