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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Noninvasive Cerebral Blood Flow Determination in Human Functional Brain Region for Diagnosis of Neurological Disorders
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MOdulation-Guided ENcoding (MOGEN) Scheme for Vessel-Encoded Arterial Spin Labeling.

Hongwei Li1, Thomas W Okell2, Joseph G Woods2

  • 1Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|March 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new MOdulation-Guided ENcoding (MOGEN) scheme significantly improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) efficiency for vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VEASL). This advancement enhances visualization of cerebrovascular diseases and enables faster, more robust imaging.

Keywords:
SNR efficiencyencoding schemevascular territoryvessel‐encoded arterial spin labeling (VEASL)vessel‐selective

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Vascular Biology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VEASL) is crucial for non-contrast imaging of cerebrovascular diseases.
  • Current VEASL methods suffer from inefficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), limiting their diagnostic and monitoring capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, SNR-efficient encoding scheme for VEASL.
  • To enhance the robustness and applicability of VEASL in various clinical scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the MOdulation-Guided ENcoding (MOGEN) scheme utilizing spatial modulation profiles.
  • Validated MOGEN through simulations, phantom studies, and human volunteer and patient scans.

Main Results:

  • MOGEN demonstrated superior theoretical SNR efficiency compared to existing methods.
  • In vivo scans showed a ~15% SNR improvement and more robust vessel decoding.
  • Enabled reliable visualization of collateral pathways in Moyamoya disease patients with reduced scan times (approx. 5 min for six arteries).
  • Enhanced single-artery selectivity and facilitated off-resonance correction for ultra-high field VEASL.

Conclusions:

  • MOGEN significantly boosts SNR efficiency, robustness, and usability of VEASL.
  • Offers flexible spatial modulation, vessel size consideration, and straightforward off-resonance correction.
  • Represents a substantial improvement for VEASL applications in cerebrovascular disease diagnosis and monitoring.