The Influence of Vertical-Oriented Microstructures on the Properties of 3D-Printed 5Gt-7Alg-3HA Cartilage Scaffolds

The engineering cartilage scaffolds with biomimetic structural features hold critical importance for effective repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage tissue. Recent advancements in 3D printing technology have facilitated the fabrication of multi-layered, gradient scaffolds with precisely controlled macrostructural geometries. However, current 3D-printed scaffolds still fall short of replicating the full spectrum of biomechanical and functional properties inherent to native cartilage. In this study, a 5Gt-7Alg-3HA composite scaffold featuring vertical-oriented microstructures was fabricated by integrating template-freezing orientation and 3D printing technologies. The influence of vertical-oriented microstructures on the scaffold's multifaceted properties was evaluated through comparative analysis with non-oriented scaffolds in the control group. The results revealed that, compared to non-oriented scaffolds, the vertical-oriented scaffolds exhibited a more uniform and interconnected 3D network structure, higher porosity, more suitable swelling and degradation rates, as well as superior biocompatibility. Notably, significant improvements were observed in the mechanical properties of the vertical-oriented scaffolds. In conclusion, these findings may offer a strategic approach for developing next-generation cartilage scaffolds with biomimetic properties.