Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
Primary Appraisal:...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adaptable Automation Transparency: Should Humans Be Provided Flexibility to Self-Select Transparency Information?

Human factors·2025

Same author

Figure disembedding facility and reduced left visual field bias are linked to the social dimension of autistic traits.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2025

Same author

The Impact of Lower Degree Automation Reliability on Higher Degree Automation Failure Detection in Simulated Air Traffic Control.

Human factors·2025

Same author

Predicting Return-to-Manual Performance in Lower- and Higher-Degree Automation.

Human factors·2025

Same author

Deciphering Automation Transparency: Do the Benefits of Transparency Differ Based on Whether Decision Recommendations Are Provided?

Human factors·2025

Same author

Meaningful Communication but not Superficial Anthropomorphism Facilitates Human-Automation Trust Calibration: The Human-Automation Trust Expectation Model (HATEM).

Human factors·2023

Same journal

System-Wide Trust (SWT) Versus Component-Specific Trust (CST) in Multi-Agent Human-Agent Teams: Individual Variability in Trust Bias.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Driver Adaptation to Partially Automated Driving in Urban Environments: Effects of Repeated Exposure and System Capabilities on Drivers' Trust, Monitoring, and Response.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Modeling Human Expertise in a Sanding Task.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Towards Safe and Comfortable Vehicle Control Transitions: A Systematic Review of Takeover Time, Time Budget, and Takeover Outcomes.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

What's in a Name? Implications of AI Roles and Mind Perception for Human-AI Teams.

Human factors·2026

Same journal

Safety Climate and Safety Behavior and Outcomes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review in Healthcare From the Perspective of Staff and Patients.

Human factors·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

How Multi-Tasking Ability Impacts Performance, Workload, Situation Awareness, Stress and Trust with Simulated

Jayden N Greenwell-Barnden¹, Troy A W Visser¹, Shayne Loft¹

¹The University of Western Australia, Australia.

|March 10, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individual differences in multi-tasking ability (MTa) significantly impact how people handle imperfect automation. Lower multi-tasking ability (MTa) individuals experienced greater automation costs, while higher MTa individuals better calibrated trust in automated systems.

Keywords:

air traffic control automation individual differences multi-tasking situation awareness

More Related Videos

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

Published on: September 26, 2025

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Estimate the Cognitive Load Using Electrocardiographic Measure: A Human-AI Collaborative Task

Published on: December 5, 2025

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

Published on: September 26, 2025

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Cognitive Psychology
Automation Safety

Background:

Automation reliability is a critical concern in complex systems like air traffic control (ATC).
Prior research shows multi-tasking ability (MTa) affects responses to reliable automation.
The impact of MTa on supervising imperfect automation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how individual differences in multi-tasking ability (MTa) influence the performance, workload, situation awareness, stress, and trust when supervising imperfect automation in simulated air traffic control (ATC).

Main Methods:

Multi-tasking ability (MTa) was assessed using cognitive tasks in 113 undergraduate students.
Participants performed simulated ATC tasks under manual control and with imperfect automation.
Automation errors included missing 30% of aircraft acceptance and hand-off events.

Main Results:

Lower MTa participants showed greater performance benefits from reliable automation but larger costs with unreliable automation.
Automation improved situation awareness and reduced workload, irrespective of MTa.
Stress reduction was more pronounced for lower MTa participants with automation.
Higher MTa participants demonstrated more accurate trust calibration across automation reliability levels.

Conclusions:

Multi-tasking ability (MTa) significantly modulates the effects of imperfect automation on performance, stress, and trust in ATC.
Findings suggest MTa is a crucial factor in personnel selection for roles involving volatile automation reliability.