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Quantum-inspired entanglement between collaborating brains during human memory encoding.

Xue Yang1, Yi Jiang2,3, Qianxiang Zhou4,5

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New quantum-inspired models reveal how two brains synchronize during collaborative memory tasks. Empathy training reshaped brain connectivity, improving memory recall and highlighting the dynamic nature of interpersonal neural alignment.

Keywords:
Collaborative memory encodingInterbrain connectivityQuantum entanglement|aligned〉|misaligned〉

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Quantum Physics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Interpersonal neural alignment is crucial for collaborative memory, but current models struggle to differentiate true connectivity from shared stimulus effects.
  • Existing phase-alignment metrics for interbrain synchrony are insufficient for understanding collaborative memory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel quantum-inspired framework for quantifying interbrain connectivity during collaborative memory encoding.
  • To investigate how empathy enhancement training influences interbrain dynamics and memory performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dual-brain Electroencephalogram (EEG) hyperscanning to measure interbrain coupling in 140 participants across two experiments.
  • Introduced a quantum-inspired framework, the Quantum Aligned-Misaligned Entanglement Model, to analyze interbrain connectivity.
  • Compared collaborative (Colla) memory encoding against an independent (Indep) memory baseline, with one experiment including empathy training.

Main Results:

  • Collaborative memory encoding, without empathy training, showed increased [Formula: see text] states and decreased [Formula: see text] states compared to the independent baseline.
  • Empathy enhancement training normalized these state probabilities towards the independent baseline.
  • Improved memory retrieval performance and a shift in brain activity towards socioemotional processing regions were observed after empathy training.

Conclusions:

  • Interbrain connectivity dynamics during memory encoding are context-dependent and influenced by cooperative engagement.
  • Empathic interaction can reshape neural connectivity, impacting subsequent memory retrieval.
  • Quantum-inspired entanglement provides a viable framework for modeling interbrain neural connectivity in collaborative memory tasks.