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Summary

Passive muscle stiffness, measured by shear modulus (G) using shear wave elastography (SWE), changes with fatigue and recovery. This study shows SWE can monitor these muscle changes across different populations.

Keywords:
Exercise-induced muscle damageIn vivo measurementMuscle fatigueMuscle shear modulusShear wave elastography

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Muscle stiffness, quantified by shear modulus (G) via shear wave elastography (SWE), is crucial for understanding muscle fatigue and athletic performance.
  • While sex and training status influence fatigue recovery, quantitative data are limited.
  • This study investigates passive muscle G changes during fatigue and recovery, assessing SWE's utility in monitoring muscle fatigue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess changes in passive muscle shear modulus (G) during fatigue and recovery.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of shear wave elastography (SWE) for monitoring muscle fatigue.
  • To explore variations in muscle stiffness recovery based on sex and training background.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-five athletes and 16 non-athletes underwent induced muscle fatigue via eccentric elbow flexion.
  • Shear modulus (G) was measured using SWE at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and at 24 and 48 hours.
  • Linear mixed-effects models analyzed the effects of group, time, and arm dominance on G.

Main Results:

  • A significant effect of time on muscle shear modulus (G) was observed (P < 0.001).
  • Muscle G increased immediately post-exercise across most groups, with variations noted between sexes and training backgrounds at different time points.
  • By 48 hours, muscle G returned to baseline in athletes and non-athlete males, while non-athlete females showed decreased G in the dominant arm.

Conclusions:

  • Passive muscle modulus (G) accurately reflects muscle stiffness and can be monitored non-invasively with portable SWE devices.
  • SWE is a valid tool for tracking muscle fatigue and recovery across diverse populations.
  • Findings highlight population-specific differences in muscle fatigue recovery patterns.