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Blood Flow Imaging with Ultrafast Doppler

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Rapid Quantitative Imaging of Heterogeneous Tissue Hemoglobin Dynamics Using Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging.

Gordon T Kennedy¹, Rebecca Rowland², Amaan Mazhar³

¹Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA, gordon.kennedy@uci.edu.

Journal of Vascular Research

|March 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) revealed significant differences in tissue oxygenation (StO₂) between microvascular and macrovascular regions during a vascular occlusion test (VOT). Microvascular areas showed greater StO₂ changes, highlighting the importance of spatial variation in assessing vascular function.

Keywords:

Arterial insufficiency Multispectral imaging Quantitative hemodynamics Spatial frequency domain imaging Tissue oximetry

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Area of Science:

Biomedical optics
Physiology
Medical imaging

Background:

Arterial insufficiency impacts chronic wounds, diabetes, and peripheral arterial disease, impairing vascular function.
Accurate tissue oxygenation monitoring is crucial for vascular compromise assessment.
Existing tools often lack wide-field imaging capabilities for heterogeneous tissue analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate spatial variation in tissue oxygenation during a vascular occlusion test (VOT).
To compare oxygenation dynamics in microvascular versus macrovascular regions using wide-field imaging.
To assess the utility of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) for hemodynamic monitoring.

Main Methods:

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) was used to map tissue oxygen saturation (StO₂) and hemoglobin concentrations (HbT1, HbT2).
Vascular occlusion tests (VOT) were performed on 13 subjects.
Two regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed: macrovasculature and microvasculature (capillary networks).

Main Results:

Significant differences in StO₂ were observed between microvascular and macrovascular ROIs at all time points.
Microvascular ROIs exhibited greater StO₂ changes during occlusion, indicating higher oxygen extraction.
No significant differences in HbT1 concentrations were found between ROIs.

Conclusions:

Spatial variation is critical for accurate tissue hemodynamic assessment over time and across subjects.
Wide-field SFDI enables evaluation of heterogeneous tissue regions, overcoming limitations of probe-based methods.
Understanding spatial hemodynamics is vital for managing conditions associated with vascular compromise.