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Related Concept Videos

Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

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Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
958

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Hidden Effect of Repetitive Use on the Fracture Resistance of Rotary and Reciprocating Nickel-Titanium Files.

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Effect from the sequence of heat treatment and grinding on the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium rotary instruments.

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Efficiency of fractured file retrieval according to different nickel-titanium alloys and fragment lengths.

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File-Specific Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of NiTi Instruments After Repeated Use in Simulated Canals: Patterns

Hyeonu Jo1, Sang Won Kwak1, Jung-Hong Ha2

  • 1Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Repeated use of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files significantly reduces cyclic fatigue resistance, especially in larger finishing files. Further research is needed to understand the effects of stress-induced martensite transformation on file performance.

Keywords:
SIM transformationcyclic fatiguefile sequencesfracture risknumber of cycles to fracturereuse

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Materials Science
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) rotary files are crucial in endodontic procedures.
  • Understanding the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi files after repeated use is essential for clinical safety and efficacy.
  • Previous studies have indicated potential degradation of NiTi file properties with reuse, but the specific mechanisms and file-type variations require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of repeated use on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Ultimate (PTUL) NiTi files.
  • To investigate the relationship between the number of simulated canal preparations and the number of cycles to fracture (NCF).
  • To explore potential correlations with stress-induced martensite (SIM) transformation effects.

Main Methods:

  • 225 PTUL files (Slider, Shaper, F1, F2, F3) were divided into new, used twice, and used four times groups.
  • Files were used sequentially to shape simulated J-shaped resin canals (35° curvature, 16 mm length).
  • Cyclic fatigue resistance was assessed using a custom device, measuring the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) in a 35° curved steel canal at 400 rpm.

Main Results:

  • Slider and Shaper files maintained stable NCF across all use groups (p > 0.05).
  • F1 files showed an initial increase in NCF after two uses, followed by a significant decrease after four uses (p < 0.05).
  • F2 and F3 files exhibited progressive NCF reductions with repeated use, with F3 showing the most significant decline (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Repeated instrumentation significantly reduces the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi files in a file-specific manner.
  • Larger finishing files (F2, F3) are more susceptible to NCF reduction after repeated use.
  • The unique behavior of F1 files suggests potential preload or SIM transformation influences requiring further metallurgical investigation.