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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

Published on: June 28, 2017

Spatial Encoding with Amplitude Modulation in Serial Flow Cytometry.

Eric W Esch^1,2, Matthew DiSalvo¹, Megan A Catterton¹

¹Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, US National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 14, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Amplitude modulation (AM) serial flow cytometry simplifies chip design by using unique frequencies for each region, enabling accurate measurement uncertainty quantification with fewer detectors. This advanced method achieves high-fidelity performance comparable to conventional serial cytometry.

Keywords:

amplitude modulation digital signals processing fast Fourier transform microfluidics multiplexing optofluidics serial cytometry uncertainty quantification

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Published on: December 17, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry
Microfluidics

Background:

Serial flow cytometry estimates measurement uncertainty but requires complex equipment and detector synchronization.
Replication of light sources and detectors increases complexity and cost.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce amplitude modulation (AM) for demultiplexing signals in serial flow cytometry.
To design and validate an AM serial flow cytometer for improved efficiency and reduced hardware.
To enable robust uncertainty quantification and temporal analysis in serial cytometry.

Main Methods:

Encoding each region with a unique carrier frequency for signal demultiplexing using fast Fourier transform (FFT).
Designing a microfluidic AM serial flow cytometer with parallel ground truth and AM detection channels.
Evaluating metrics including event detection, dynamic range, overlapping detections, decoding accuracy, yield, and uncertainty quantification.

Main Results:

The AM serial cytometer demonstrated high-fidelity performance, analyzing over 97% of detectable events.
Median imprecision ranged from 0.53% to 2.1%, comparable to conventional methods.
AM cytometry achieved accurate region decoding and uncertainty quantification, even with reduced light intensity.

Conclusions:

AM serial flow cytometry simplifies chip design and reduces the number of photodetectors required.
This method supports uncertainty quantification and temporal analyses with high accuracy.
AM cytometry offers a more efficient and potentially cost-effective approach to serial flow analysis.