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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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A tough, fibrous membrane, the tunica albuginea, covers the testes, extending inward to form fibrous partitions or septa, dividing them into internal compartments called lobules. Each lobule has 1 to 3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm production occurs. These tubules merge into a tubular network at the back of the testis, known as the rete testis. It connects to 15 to 20 efferent ductules, leading to the epididymis.
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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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The testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads. They are housed within the scrotum, a sac-like structure located beneath the penis. The scrotum's primary role is to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Varicocele Treatment with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Varicocele Treatment with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

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Varicocele and low testosterone.

Grant L Steele1, Cigdem Tanrikut2

  • 1Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Fertility and Sterility
|March 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Varicocele repair can significantly increase testosterone levels in men with low testosterone, potentially improving male health without medication. Further research is needed to identify predictors of improvement after varicocelectomy.

Keywords:
Varicoceleandrogen deficiencymale hypogonadismtestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Andrology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Varicoceles affect 15% of men and are linked to infertility and low testosterone.
  • They are the most common correctable cause of male infertility.
  • The relationship between varicocele and testosterone deficiency is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the association between varicocele and testosterone levels.
  • To evaluate the impact of varicocele repair on androgen status.
  • To explore varicocelectomy as a treatment for testosterone deficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of contemporary evidence.
  • Analysis of studies on varicocele and testosterone levels.
  • Evaluation of varicocele repair outcomes on androgen status.

Main Results:

  • Varicocele repair is associated with an average increase of 80-100 ng/dL in total testosterone.
  • Varicocelectomy may improve testosterone levels, potentially reducing the need for testosterone replacement therapy.
  • Predictors of improvement require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Varicocele repair shows promise for improving testosterone levels in deficient men.
  • Further research, including prospective RCTs, is warranted to confirm benefits and identify predictors.
  • Varicocelectomy may be a viable option for managing testosterone deficiency in select cases.