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    This study introduces an energy-efficient optical communication system using coherent states and photon counting. It analyzes performance in realistic noise and turbulence, offering insights for low-power systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Communication
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Conventional optical communication often assumes idealized detection.
    • Realistic noise and channel impairments significantly impact system performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a practical optical communication framework using coherent states and photon counting.
    • To analyze the framework's performance under realistic channel conditions.
    • To propose a pilot-based channel estimation for adaptive threshold selection.

    Main Methods:

    • Coherent-state modulation with distinct mean photon numbers.
    • Threshold-based photon counting detection.
    • Analysis under noise-free, Poisson noise, and turbulent free-space optical channels.
    • Pilot-based channel estimation for adaptive thresholding.

    Main Results:

    • Derivation of closed-form expressions for decision thresholds and error probabilities.
    • Validation of the scheme's effectiveness through numerical simulations.
    • Demonstration of energy-efficient transmission in the quantum-limited regime.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework offers photon-efficient, low-power optical communication.
    • The system is robust against realistic physical impairments.
    • Design insights are provided for practical optical communication systems.