Animal Research in Pharmacology: A Legacy or a Last Resort?

Pharmacology has benefited greatly from animal research, which has supported drug discovery, safety evaluations, and therapeutic developments. However, its necessity is increasingly debated due to ethical concerns, regulatory changes, and emerging alternatives. This overview examines the historical significance of animal testing, its contributions to toxicology and pharmacokinetics, and the ethical frameworks that guide its use. Although advances in in vitro models, artificial intelligence, and organ-on-a-chip technologies offer promising alternatives, their complete implementation is hindered by legal and technical challenges. The transition to animal-free research in pharmacology remains a complex balance between innovation, ethics, and scientific validation. This review highlights potential future directions for drug discovery while critically evaluating whether animal research is a long-term necessity or an outdated practice.