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Quantitative Measures Used to Evaluate Nutrition Incentive Programs in the United States: A Scoping Review
Whitney Fung Uy1, Bailey Houghtaling1,2, Courtney A Parks1
1Center for Nutrition and Health Impact, Omaha, NE 68154, United States.
Nutrition Reviews
|March 22, 2026
Summary
Nutrition incentives (NIs) for fruits and vegetables show potential for improving food security. Standardizing evaluation measures is crucial for understanding their wide-scale impact and ensuring equitable access to healthy foods.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Nutrition Science
- Health Services Research
Background:
- Nutrition incentives (NIs) aim to increase fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and food security in low-income households.
- Variability in NI research and evaluation hinders cross-program comparisons and understanding of broad impact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify quantitative measures used in NI evaluations.
- To highlight evaluation gaps in NI research.
- To inform future NI research and evaluation strategies.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review following Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and PRISMA-ScR extension.
- Searched peer-reviewed and grey literature on quantitative NI measures in the U.S. across four databases.
- Extracted data on measures across the NI Theory of Change (participant, site, partner, process, community levels).
Main Results:
- 127 sources were included; participant-level measures (n=105) were most frequent, particularly sociodemographics and food purchasing behaviors.
- Site-level measures (n=71) focused on program awareness/utilization (n=34).
- Process (n=9), partner (n=16), and community (n=19) measures were least reported; many tools lacked psychometric testing.
Conclusions:
- A need exists for evaluation measures balancing rigor, feasibility, and program alignment.
- Standardizing frequently used quantitative measures across NI programs is feasible.
- Shared measures can enhance understanding of NIs' effectiveness in improving food security and equitable FV access.
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