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Relationships among children's muscular strength, neuromuscular control, and resilience

Lauren M Wagner1, Phil Esposito1, Robyn Braun-Trocchio1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|March 23, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Recess interventions improve children's muscular strength (MusS), but resilience and neuromuscular control (NC) showed no significant links. MusS assessments are reliable and practical for evaluating intervention effectiveness in children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric physical activity
  • Childhood development
  • Sports science

Background:

  • Recess interventions enhance muscular strength (MusS), neuromuscular control (NC), and resilience in children.
  • Reliable assessment of physical and psychological measures is crucial for evaluating intervention effectiveness.
  • The relationship between MusS, NC, and resilience in children requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore relationships and variable predictions among MusS, NC, and resilience assessments.
  • To assess the reliability and consistency of these measures in fourth- and fifth-grade children.
  • To identify effective assessments for measuring the impact of recess interventions.

Main Methods:

  • 164 fourth- and fifth-grade children completed assessments for MusS (e.g., push-ups, grip strength), NC (side-step), and resilience.
  • Intraclass correlation coefficients evaluated assessment reliability at two time points.
  • Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression analyses examined relationships and predictions.

Main Results:

  • MusS assessments demonstrated moderate, significant correlations between upper- and lower-body measures.
  • Push-up performance significantly predicted standing broad jump performance at both time points.
  • No meaningful correlations were found between NC, resilience, and MusS assessments.

Conclusions:

  • MusS assessments are practical, reliable, and cost-effective for evaluating physical activity interventions in children.
  • The interconnectedness of upper- and lower-body MusS was evident.
  • Further research is needed to explore the lack of correlation with NC and resilience and to identify more effective assessments for these constructs.
Abstract

Keywords:
assessmentchild performancefitnessmuscular strengthneuromuscular controlresilience

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