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RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells

Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells

Published on: December 9, 2022

AI foundation models for RNA biology.

Haopeng Yu¹, Yiliang Ding¹

¹Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.

|March 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial intelligence (AI) foundation models are revolutionizing RNA biology by learning complex RNA sequence, structure, and function relationships. These AI models are becoming powerful tools for discovering RNA regulatory elements and functions.

Keywords:

Foundation model Pre-training RNA biology RNA sequence-structure-function explainable AI (XAI)fine-tuning

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Published on: July 10, 2019

Area of Science:

RNA Biology
Artificial Intelligence
Bioinformatics

Background:

RNA biology is experiencing a paradigm shift driven by AI.
Foundation models are trained on massive RNA datasets to understand sequence, structure, and function.
Self-supervised learning enables generalizable RNA representations.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of RNA foundation models.
To explain the key components: datasets, architectures, self-supervision, and fine-tuning.
To highlight the role of explainable AI (XAI) in RNA discovery.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and methodologies in RNA foundation models.
Explanation of self-supervised learning strategies for RNA sequence data.
Discussion of fine-tuning approaches for task-specific applications.
Integration of explainable AI (XAI) for model interpretability.

Main Results:

Foundation models capture intricate RNA sequence-structure-function relationships.
Explainable AI (XAI) transforms black-box models into discovery tools.
Identification of candidate cis-regulatory elements and structural motifs is enabled.

Conclusions:

RNA foundation models offer a powerful framework for decoding RNA biology.
Advancements in multimodal data integration promise further discoveries.
XAI is crucial for translating AI predictions into biological insights.