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Related Concept Videos

Humanistic Therapy01:24

Humanistic Therapy

484
Humanistic therapies emphasize personal growth, self-understanding, and the fulfillment of human potential. Rooted in the belief that individuals inherently strive toward self-actualization, these approaches encourage clients to explore their feelings and experiences in a supportive, nonjudgmental environment. Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic approaches by focusing on conscious experiences, present circumstances, and the potential for self-improvement rather than past conflicts...
484
Psychodynamic Therapy01:29

Psychodynamic Therapy

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Psychodynamic therapies emphasize the exploration of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as fundamental contributors to psychological difficulties. These therapies, deeply rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, aim to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, granting individuals insights that promote emotional and behavioral healing. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches have evolved, integrating a broader range of influences and methodologies while still valuing the...
844
Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy01:25

Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy

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Research has highlighted several critical factors that influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy, such as the therapeutic alliance, the therapist, and the client.
The Therapeutic Alliance
The therapeutic alliance refers to the relationship between the therapist and the client. The alliance strengthens when the therapist and the client engage in a nurturing, supportive, trusting, empathetic, and respectful relationship, improving therapeutic outcomes. Therapists must monitor this relationship...
429
Psychotherapy01:28

Psychotherapy

638
Psychotherapy is a versatile, nonmedical approach aimed at helping individuals address emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal issues to enhance their overall well-being. It can involve one-on-one sessions, couples counseling, or small group discussions with a therapist. The therapeutic process includes various techniques such as open discussion, interpretation of thoughts and behaviors, active listening, positive reinforcement, and role modeling. Psychotherapy aims to support individuals in...
638
Interpersonal Psychotherapy01:25

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

566
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a structured, time-limited therapeutic approach initially developed to treat depression. It integrates key concepts from psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive-behavioral therapies, making it a uniquely eclectic framework. The therapy is rooted in the interpersonal theories of Adolph Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan, as well as John Bowlby's attachment theory, and focuses on the interplay between interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being.
566
Humanistic Psychology01:24

Humanistic Psychology

3.1K
Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
This approach...
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Why psychotherapy must exchange personal values for functional virtues.

Shane McLoughlin1

  • 1University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Current Opinion in Psychology
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Psychotherapy must shift from subjective values to functional virtues for scientific integrity. The Cultivating Individual Virtue In Context (CIVIC) model provides an evaluable framework for flourishing.

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Philosophy of Science

Background:

  • Contemporary psychotherapy relies heavily on subjective experience, potentially introducing bias.
  • Postmodern and constructivist influences have distanced psychotherapy from objective, scientific foundations.
  • Current practices risk systematizing bias in training and clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a shift from nebulous personal values to a rigorous, functional conception of virtue in psychotherapy.
  • To preserve the integrity and scientific grounding of the clinical field.
  • To establish an externally evaluable basis for flourishing within psychotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Normatively extending B.F. Skinner's taxonomy of behavioral selection.

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  • Distinguishing biological "is" (phylogenetic inheritance) from functional "oughts" (environmental influences).
  • Developing the Cultivating Individual Virtue In Context (CIVIC) model.

    • Main Results:

    • The CIVIC model offers a normatively bounded framework for flourishing.
    • This framework is externally evaluable, allowing for objective assessment.
    • It preserves client self-determination while guiding therapeutic goals.

    Conclusions:

    • Psychotherapy should adopt a functional conception of virtue grounded in behavioral science.
    • The CIVIC model provides a scientific and evaluable approach to promoting flourishing.
    • Not all values are equally conducive to well-being; a scientific approach is necessary.